An Introduction to R Programming Language

[Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Wisdom]

Muhammad Yaseen
(https://myaseen208.com/)

Motivation

2009 New York Times Article

Springer

Wiley

CRC

O’Reilly

MYaseen208

MYaseen208

Introduction

Introduction

  • A software developed by Statisticians around the World
  • Free software, released under the General Public License (GPL)
  • Open source, Very Flexible & makes you think
  • 19,366 freely available packages (by 2023-04-18)

Introduction

  • An Elegant & Comprehensive Statistical & Graphical programming language
  • Contains Advanced Statistical routines
  • R & LaTeX work together - seamlessly
  • Automated & Reproducible Research
  • Good online documentation, robust & vibrant community

History

  • R is a dialect of the S language
  • S language was developed in 1976 by John Chambers et al. at Bell Laboratories

History

History

  • R was created in 1991 in New Zealand by Ross Ihaka & Robert Gentleman (R & R).

  • Their experience developing R is documented in a 1996 JCGS paper.

  • Martin Machler convinced Ross & Robert to use the GNU General Public License (GPL) to make R free software.

  • Since 1997, International R-core team & 1000s of code writers and Statisticians happy to share their libraries! Awesome!

R Core Team

R Core Team

Douglas Bates Ross Ihaka Thomas Lumley Brian Ripley
John Chambers Tomas Kalibera Martin Maechler Deepayan Sarkar
Peter Dalgaard Michael Lawrence Sebastian Meyer Duncan Temple Lang
Robert Gentleman Friedrich Leisch Paul Murrell Luke Tierney
Kurt Hornik Uwe Ligges Martyn Plummer Simon Urbanek

Getting & Launncing R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Provides a wide variety of statistical & graphical techniques, including:

  • State-of-the-art & Publication quality graphs

  • Classical Statistical Tests, ANOVA & Regression Analysis

  • Generalized, Linear, Mixed & Nonlinear Models

  • Time Series, Panel Data Analysis & Financial Data Modeling

  • Multivariate Analysis & Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

  • Geographic Information System (GIS) & Spatial Analysis

  • Bayesian Methods & many more.

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Capabilities of R

Help on R

Help on R

Once R is installed, there is a comprehensive built-in help system. At the program’s command prompt you can use any of the following:

   

help.start()   # general help
help(foo)      # help about function foo
?foo           # same thing
apropos("foo") # list all functions containing string foo
example(foo)   # show an example of function foo

Data in R

Data in R

There are many ways to get data into R. Few of them are:

 

  • Entering directly through console

  • Importing from an external file through R commands

    • read.table
    • read.csv
    • read_excel etc.

Basic Operations

Arithmetic Operations

Operator Description
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
^ or ** Exponentiation
x%y Modulus (x mod y) 5%2 is 1
x%/%y Integer Division 5%/%2 is 2

Arithmetic Operations

5 + 2
5 - 2
5 * 2
5 / 2
5 ^ 2
5 %% 2
5 %/% 2
5 + 2
## [1] 7
5 - 2
## [1] 3
5 * 2
## [1] 10
5 / 2
## [1] 2.5
5 ^ 2
## [1] 25
5 %% 2
## [1] 1
5 %/% 2
## [1] 2

Linear Models in R

Linear Models

'lm' is used to fit linear models, including multivariate ones.  It can
be used to carry out regression, single stratum analysis of variance
and analysis of covariance (although 'aov' may provide a more
convenient interface for these).

\[\\[0.2in]\]

lm(formula, data, subset, weights, na.action,
   method = "qr", model = TRUE, x = FALSE, y = FALSE, qr = TRUE,
   singular.ok = TRUE, contrasts = NULL, offset, ...)

## S3 method for class 'lm'
print(x, digits = max(3L, getOption("digits") - 3L), ...)

Generalized Linear Models in R

Generalized Linear Models

'glm' is used to fit generalized linear models, specified by giving a
symbolic description of the linear predictor and a description of the
error distribution.

\[\\[0.2in]\]

glm(formula, family = gaussian, data, weights, subset,
    na.action, start = NULL, etastart, mustart, offset,
    control = list(...), model = TRUE, method = "glm.fit",
    x = FALSE, y = TRUE, singular.ok = TRUE, contrasts = NULL, ...)

glm.fit(x, y, weights = rep.int(1, nobs),
        start = NULL, etastart = NULL, mustart = NULL,
        offset = rep.int(0, nobs), family = gaussian(),
        control = list(), intercept = TRUE, singular.ok = TRUE)

## S3 method for class 'glm'
weights(object, type = c("prior", "working"), ...)

Linear Mixed Models in R

Linear Mixed Models

Fit a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) to data, via REML or maximum
likelihood.

\[\\[0.2in]\]

lmer(formula, data = NULL, REML = TRUE, control = lmerControl(),
     start = NULL, verbose = 0L, subset, weights, na.action,
     offset, contrasts = NULL, devFunOnly = FALSE)

Generalized Linear Mixed Models in R

Generalized Linear Mixed Models

Fit a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM).  Both fixed
effects and random effects are specified via the model 'formula'.

\[\\[0.2in]\]

glmer(formula, data = NULL, family = gaussian
    , control = glmerControl()
    , start = NULL
    , verbose = 0L
    , nAGQ = 1L
    , subset, weights, na.action, offset, contrasts = NULL
    , mustart, etastart
    , devFunOnly = FALSE)

References

References

R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. URL: http://www.R-project.org/.

Vance, A. (2009). “Data analysts captivated by R’s power”. In: New York Times 6.

Venables, W. N., D. M. Smith, R. D. C. Team, et al. (2002). An introduction to R.

Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. ISBN: 978-3-319-24277-4. URL: http://ggplot2.org.

\(\color{green}{\textit{Muhammad Yaseen, PhD (Statistics, UNL-USA)}}\), (\(\color{red}{https://myaseen208.com/}\))